Data, Information, and Knowledge
I still see far too many examples of content confusing the ideas of data and information. Sometimes, it seems like a writer is simply trying to not be redundant when he or she uses data and information in the same sentence to mean the same thing. But of course they are different and the result is unnecessary confusion.
I just wrote a paper for a European law journal on the topic and I learned more about the topic than is healthy for one person. The piece will be out in August. Generally, I admire the effort the Europeans are making to get it right though they are less concerned with data and information per se than they are with privacy and security. These things all intersect but in sometimes unpredictable ways. The more I think about things the less I am sure of and the more questions I have.
The European parliament is trying to figure out laws that protect individual rights to privacy, which necessarily affect what data is kept and what is not. That makes sense, and it sounds simple, but how do you do that? Does a person walking on a street have a right to privacy and thus a right to determine how you use a crowd photo? And what if a corporation like Google or a government takes the photo? Are we to prevent photos based on the premise that someone someday might do something to a person in one of the photos based on the picture? From there it gets silly but there are some concrete situations that are nothing to laugh at.
Take the case of a nurse in Connecticut who was arrested for possessing a small amount of pot. According to an article in the New York Times, the case was dismissed when she agreed to take some drug education courses. In the good old days, that would have been the end of it because according to Connecticut law, and the laws in many other states, her record was wiped clean with the dismissal. Connecticut law says she can even testify under oath that she has never been arrested now that the record has been cleared.
That all makes good sense to me. It might not be factually correct but these expungement laws are one of the fictions we create in modern life to keep the world spinning. But with the Internet there’s no such thing as expungement and a search still comes up with the original news article that, while true when it was published, is now false. It matters because this nurse can’t find a job any more thanks to the simple expedient of doing a rudimentary searching on every new job applicant. What to do? She’s suing the news organizations that wrote the story for slander but the story was true when it was reported. Yikes!
The Internet and our modern world are full of examples like this. Society used to be able to conveniently forget small indiscretions and we all got on with life. But that’s being taken away without anyone even giving permission or law being made. The Internet is the defacto repository of all things digital about us, but should it be? The Europeans take all this very seriously and perhaps we should too.
It seems to me that the biggest issue we have with data and information today is not data security even though lots of it gets stolen — I’m talking to you People’s Liberation Army unit 61398. In fact, I think we’ve put too much emphasis on physically securing data and given too little thought to how it is transformed into information. After all, data by itself is useless. An MP3 file is garbage without software to render it into a song, which is a kind of information. Ditto with your bank balance and the video you shot over the holiday or the formula or source code for a new product.
Wouldn’t we be better off focusing on data transformation? A new photo sharing service SnapChat takes this approach by delivering photos that disintegrate after ten seconds. That’s far from ideal for most applications but it’s on the right track. Generally, I think data ought to be handled like milk in a supermarket; it ought to have an outdate after which it automatically becomes archival. You might be able to access archival data but transforming it back into its original information content would have to be restricted in some way.
Look, we can still access information about various flat earth theories but we all know this is archival and historic but no longer scientific. Some of us can still take it seriously if we want too but we can’t take it to the bank or whatever, you know what I mean. We don’t have anything like that for data yet — something that says this does not yield not the information it once did. On another parallel path, if we were better able to control the conversion of data to information so that only the data’s owners could de-encrypt it, might we have less data theft and the loss of intellectual property that goes with it?
If any of this makes sense then it’s not data security we should be focused on as much as secure data conversion or transformation into information — those are different issues with different approaches. When you think of it this way the differences between data and information are starkly clear. It gives us all good reason to consciously choose the right words to convey our meaning.
Data, Data — Yadda, Yadda
I take a lot of briefings — more than one per day every one of the 250 or so work days in a year and it’s not unusual for me to not remember a company when they call up six months later asking for a quote for a press release. Would you? To be memorable the briefing has to have something that sticks in my brain and, hopefully, that something is a good thing or why bother.
There is a science to briefing analysts and it involves repetition. The more you are in our faces the stickier your messaging is. Three or four times per year — if you have something to say — is a good metric. Salesforce understands this and has always been one of the better companies at leveraging its relationships with analysts. It works for them too because they get a lot of free publicity. Lots of companies start the year off strong but fail to follow up in three or four months and many conclude erroneously that briefing analysts is a waste of time.
Many of the briefings and phone conversations that I have had lately have involved big data and social media though not necessarily together. In one of these briefings I had a revelation that I want to share. Too often vendors use slides and demonstrations to show me how they manipulate data as if data manipulation was an end in itself, but it’s not.
They might show how much data they can corral or how much data they can deliver to a user but the demos usually show more and more people manipulating data without results. The demos remind me of feeding a one year old. Just because you put food in front of them doesn’t necessarily mean the food will get inside where it can do some good.
But data is only useful when it is consumed as information and the surest indicator of consumption success is if in retrospect a user can say, “This is the data that provided the information I needed.” Very often that need is for decision making and if you think about it that little scenario has been the hallmark of the whole information age in which we live. Turn data into information and use it to make better, faster and more numerous decisions.
This all has a practical point. In market research that Esteban Kolsky and I did late last year (and we’re going to repeat it this year too) we asked about hindrances to adoption of social media in business. Know what? Top of mind for most people were issues relating to use — How do we use this stuff? What business processes should we be applying this to? And very interestingly, the vendors at the time and even today don’t answer the question. When they demo they provide scenarios that show data being shared but not necessarily being consumed by doing something valuable.
Again, value is created when someone makes a decision based on the data that social and other technologies churn up. This scenario tells me that full adoption of social and big data ideas won’t take place as long as CEOs see demos of employees manipulating social data but not landing the plane by making good decisions because these scenarios are indistinguishable from watching employees “play” with social media. They show people doing something that isn’t exactly work and not arriving at the decisions that would normally make it all worthwhile. That doesn’t inspire a lot of CEO confidence.
So the big take away? Ironically, most social and data tools I see demoed — and I see a lot — have the capacity to demonstrate decision making but they don’t. It’s a bug not in the product but in the marketing and it can be easily fixed. Without that fix, though, I’m afraid that all the data! data! screaming we’re doing is just so much yadda, yadda.
